(Philosophy Talk, 2016)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Example 1: Analytic Philosophy
3. Example 2: Materialism or Physicalism and Naturalism
4. Example 3: Skepticism and the Limits of Philosophy
5. Conclusion: Where To Now, Philosophy?
The essay that follows will be published in five installments, one per section; this is the fifth and final installment.
But you can also download and read or share a .pdf of the complete text of the essay, including the REFERENCES, by scrolling down to the bottom of this post and clicking on the Download tab.
The Limits of Philosophy: Its Disenchantment and A Case for Epistemic Humility
Conflict over the attention space is a fundamental fact about intellectuals. It follows that intellectuals produce multiple competing views of reality. And this disagreement will go on in the future, as long as intellectual networks exist. (Colins, 1998: p. 876)This fellow isn’t insane. We are only doing philosophy. (Wittgenstein, 1969: p. 61e).
[There] is simply no avoiding the conclusion that the human race is mad. There are scarcely any human beings who do not have some lunatic beliefs or other to which they attach great importance. People are mostly sane enough, of course, in the affairs of common life: the getting of food, shelter, and so on. But the moment they attempt any depth of generality of thought, they go mad almost infallibly. The vast majority, of course, adopt the local religious madness as naturally as they adopt the local dress. But the most powerful minds will, equally infallibly, fall into the worship of some intelligent and dangerous lunatic. (Stove, 1991: p. 184)
W.C. Fields once said that scientists have discovered that the universe is composed of three elements: oxygen, nitrogen and horse manure. Philosophers have not neglected this third element in their quest for a general description of the universe. (Sorensen, 1991: p. 184).
5. Conclusion: Where To Now, Philosophy?
The argument I’ve presented above would seem to indicate that philosophy cannot be a guide to the truth, or even approximate truth, about reality, for many reasons, not forgetting the issue of even getting to first base and deciding what counts as “truth,” namely, the problem of the criterion. We have seen how major philosophical research programs, such as physicalism, and analytic philosophy itself have ultimately failed, just as programs before them, such as logical positivism, came aground and were intellectually ship wrecked. Does this mean that philosophy is therefore bankrupt, in all its forms, and should therefore be abandoned? Or given this failure, should the intellectual bar be lowered instead? The short answer is no, because the very act of proposing the bankruptcy of philosophy, is itself a philosophical thesis, and puts one back upon the “wheel” of philosophy (Smith, 1988).
Instead of embracing skepticism, we should boldly proclaim that the traditional quest to defeat skepticism, and thereby put human knowledge on a secure footing, as traditionally conceived, as Descartes hoped, should be discarded. Nor for that matter can justification be divorced from a cultural context; it is not unreasonable to accept as defeasible most widely-held common sense beliefs, such as the existence of the external world, and consciousness, unless shown with compelling evidence and argument to be delusional. We have to start somewhere, so why not start with what is at hand, and then sort that out further if necessary?
Moreover, Clifford’s principle, that “it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” or argument (Clifford, 1879; Fogelin, 1994, 114-115), should be rejected, since a strict application of this hyper-rationalism leads to justification skepticism. As Marcus Arvan pointed out in “Has Contemporary Philosophy Over-Fetishized Rigor?,” the giants of past philosophy, like Kant, were not concerned with rigor for rigor’s sake, but instead were concerned with formulating a new “big picture,” and thereby charting a worldview that presents a revolutionary vision of existing problems (Arvan, 2012). The same point can be made about all the past greats of Western philosophy, including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Mill, Rousseau, Hegel, and so on. It is highly unlikely that their work would be accepted for publication if it had been done in the context of contemporary professional academic philosophy, and sent to any Anglo-American Analytic philosophy journal, or peer reviewed by mainstream academic publishers. Arvan quotes a passage from Simon Blackburn’s review of Davidson’s Truth and Predication:
Philosophers think of themselves as the guardians of reason, intent beyond other men upon care and accuracy, on following the argument wherever it leads, spotting flaws, rejecting fallacies, insisting on standards. This is how we justify ourselves as educators, and as respectable voices within the academy, or even in public life. But there is a yawning chasm between self-image and practice, and in fact it is a great mistake to think that philosophers ever gain their followings by means of compelling arguments. The truth is the reverse, that when the historical moment is right people fall in love with the conclusions, and any blemish in the argument is quickly forgiven: the most outright fallacy becomes beatified as a bold and imaginative train of thought, obscurity actually befits a deep original exploration of dim and unfamiliar interconnexions, arguments that nobody can follow at all become a brilliant roller-coaster ride towards a shift in the vocabulary, a reformulation of the problem space. Follow the star, and the raw edges will easily be tidied up later. (Arvan, 2012)
Arvan then concludes that the over-emphasis on rigor can dull and suppress creative and revolutionary thought:
But now what fosters revolutionary thought in a philosopher? Not, I think, an emphasis on rigor. Rigor and Revolutionary Thought, it seems to me, inherently pull in opposite directions. The more rigorous an argument is—the more of a “sure thing” its premises are—the less revolutionary it is apt to be. Rigor narrows the way we think about things. Rigor tells us: “If you can’t justify each of your premises to an intelligent, skeptical reader, your argument is a non-starter.” Yet, again, how many Great Works of philosophy actually satisfy this stricture of Rigor? I wager: not many. (Arvan, 2012)
In other words, valorizing rigor yields philosophical rigor mortis. But since we are inevitably committed to some kind of philosophy if we are to continue living (and even the people in the night clubs pursuing sex, drugs and rock ‘n’ roll, have a “philosophy” of sorts, hedonism), one worthy choice would be to opt for a life-shaping philosophy, as proposed by Hanna, which rejects the intellectual imperialism of professional academic Western philosophy, with its careerism, conformity, coercive authoritarianism, dogmatism, esotericism and hyper-specialization, and hyper-rationalism, because such a discipline is “fundamentally theoretically, emotionally, morally, and/or socio-politically at odds with the rest of humanity” (Hanna, 2022: p. 49), and replacing that crisis-ridden, self-stultifying philosophical paradigm with a realistically optimist dignitarian humanist alternative (Hanna, 2020). This essay has offered further reasons for abandoning that received paradigm of philosophy and making that radical replacement.
REFERENCES
(Alexander & Weinberg, 2007). Alexander, J. & Weinberg, J.M. “Analytic Epistemology and Experimental Philosophy.” Philosophy Compass 2: 56-80.
(Amico, 1993). Amico, R. The Problem of the Criterion. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
(Apel, 1976). Apel, K.O. “The Problem of (Philosophical) Ultimate Justification in the Light of a Transcendental Pragmatic of Language (An Attempted Metacritique of ‘Critical Rationalism’).” Ajatus 36: 142-165.
(Armstrong, 1968). Armstrong, D.M. A Materialist Theory of Mind. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
(Armstrong, 1978-1979). “Naturalism, Materialism and First Philosophy.” Philosophia 8: 261-276.
(Arvan, 2012). Marcus Arvan, “Has Contemporary Philosophy Over-Fetishized Rigor?” The Philosophers’ Cocoon. 15 May. Available online at URL = <https://philosopherscocoon.typepad.com/blog/2012/05/has-contemporary-philosophy-over-fetishized-rigor.html>.
(Baker, 1989). Baker, L.R. Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism. Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
(Bayne, 2021). Bayne, T. Philosophy of Mind. 1st edn., London & New York: Routledge.
(Baynes et al., 1987). Baynes, K. et.al. (eds.) After Philosophy: End or Transformation? Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Bealer, 1992). Bealer, G. “The Incoherence of Empiricism.” Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 66: 99-138.
(Bealer, 1996a). Bealer, G. “A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy.” Philosophical Studies 81: 121-142.
(Bealer, 1996b). Bealer, G. “A Priori Knowledge: Replies to William Lycan and Ernest Sosa.” Philosophical Studies 81: 163-174.
(Bearn, 1985). Bearn, G.C.F. “Relativism as Reduction.” Mind 94: 389-408.
(Beloff, 1987). Beloff, J. “Parapsychology and the Mind-Body Problem.” Inquiry 30: 215-222.
(Benningson, 1999). Benningson, T. “Is Relativism Really Self-Refuting?” Philosophical Studies 94: 211-236.
(Bergland, 1988). Bergland, R. The Fabric of Mind. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books.
(Berkson, 1979). Berkson, W. “Skeptical Rationalism.” Inquiry 22: 281-320.
(Bishop & Trout, 2005). Bishop, M. & Trout, J.D. Epistemology and the Scope of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Bogdan, 1988). Bogdan, R.J. “Mental Attitudes and Commonsense Psychology: The Case Against Elimination.” Nous 22: 369-398.
(Boghossian, 2006). Boghossian, P. Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Boghossian, 2007). Boghossian, P. “The Case Against Epistemic Relativism: Replies to Rosen and Neta.” Episteme 4: 49-65.
(Bolender, 2001). Bolender, J. “An Argument for Idealism.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 37-61.
(Boulter, 2007). Boulter, S. The Rediscovery of Common Sense Philosophy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
(Bueno, 2008). Bueno, O. “Relativism and Scepticism.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 16: 247-254.
(Bunge, 1991). Bunge, M. “A Critical Examination of the New Sociology of Science. Part 1.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 21: 524-560.
(Burke, 1979). Burke, T.F. “The Limits of Relativism.” Philosophical Quarterly 29: 193-207.
(Burr, 2003). Burr, V. Social Constructionism. 2nd edn., London: Routledge.
(Cahoone, 1995). Cahoone, L.E. The Ends of Philosophy. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
(Cappelen, 2012). Cappelen, H. Philosophy Without Intuitions. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Cargile, 1998). Cargile, J. “The Problem of Induction.” Philosophy 73: 247-275.
(Catton & Dunlap, 1980). Catton. W. R. & Dunlap, R. “A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology.” American Behavioural Scientist 24: 15-47.
(Chalmers, 1985). Chalmers, A. “The Case Against a Universal Ahistorical Account of Scientific Method.” Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 5: 555-567.
(Chalmers, 1989). Chalmers, A. “How to Defend Science Against Scepticism: A Reply to Barry Gower.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40: 249-253.
(Chalmers, 1996). Chalmers, D. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Chapman et al., 2013). Chapman, A.D., Ellis, A., Hanna, R., Hildebrand, T., and Pickford, H. In Defense of Intuitions: A New Rationalist Manifesto. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Also available online in preview at URL = <https://www.academia.edu/20723048/In_Defense_of_Intuitions>.
(Chappell, 1981). Chappell, V.C. (ed.) The Philosophy of Mind. New York: Dover Publications.
(Cherry, 2006). Cherry M.J. (ed.) The Death of Metaphysics; The Death of Culture: Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Morality. Dordrecht NL: Springer.
(Chisholm, 1982). Chisholm, R. The Foundations of Knowing. Brighton UK: Harvester Press.
(Chomsky, 1968). Chomsky, N. Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
(Christensen & Lackey, 2013). Christensen, D. & Lackey, J. (eds.) The Epistemology of Disagreement: New Essays. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Christensen, 2007). Christensen, D. “Epistemology of Disagreement: The Good News.” Philosophical Review 116: 187-217.
(Christensen, 2009). Christensen, D. “Disagreement as Evidence: The Epistemology of Controversy.” Philosophy Compass 4/5: 756-767.
(Churchill, 1989). Churchill, J. “Wittgenstein and the End of Philosophy.” Metaphilosophy 20: 103-113.
(Churchland, 1988). Churchland, P. Matter and Consciousness. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Churchland, 1989). Churchland, P. A Neurocomputational Perspective. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Churchland, 1990). Churchland, P.S. Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Clendinnen, 1989). Clendinnen, F.J. “Realism and the Underdetermination of Theory.” Synthese 81: 63-90.
(Clifford, 1879). Clifford, W.K. “The Ethics of Belief.” In W.K. Clifford, Lectures and Essays. London: Macmillan. Pp. 163-205.
(Cling, 1989). Cling, A.D. “Eliminative Materialism and Self-Referential Inconsistency.” Philosophical Studies 56: 53-75.
(Coffey, 1938). Coffey, P. Epistemology or the Theory of Knowledge, An Introduction to General Metaphysics. London: Longmans.
(Cohen & Dascal, 1989). Cohen, A. and Dascal, M. (eds.) “Editors’ Preface.” The Institution of Philosophy: A Discipline in Crisis? La Salle IL: Open Court. Pp. xi–xv.
(Collins, 1998). Collins, R. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
(Contessa, 2014). Contessa, G. “One’s a Crowd: Mereological Nihilism Without Ordinary-Object Eliminativism.” Analytic Philosophy 55, 2: 199-221.
(Cornman, 1974). Cornman, J.W. “Can Eddington’s Two Tables be Identical?” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 52: 22-38.
(Craib, 1997). Craib, I. “Social Constructionism as a Social Psychosis.” Sociology 31: 1-15.
(Crane & Mellor, 1990). Crane, T. & Mellor, D.H. “There is no Question of Physicalism.” Mind 99: 185-206.
(Crook & Gillett, 2001). Crook, S. & Gillett, C. “Why Physics Alone Cannot Define the ‘Physical’: Materialism, Metaphysics, and the Formulation of Physicalism.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31: 333-360.
(Daly, 1998). Daly, C. “What are Physical Properties?” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79: 196-217.
(Davidson, 1980). Davidson, D. Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Davidson, 1984). Davidson, D. Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Demeter, 2009). Demeter, T. “Can the Strong Program be Generalized?” Review of Sociology 15: 5-16.
(De Paul & Ramsey, 1998). De Paul, M. & Ramsey, W. (eds.) Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
(Derksen, 1980). Derksen, A.A. “The Failure of Comprehensively Critical Rationalism.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 10: 51-66.
(Deutsch, 2015). Deutsch, M. The Myth of the Intuitive: Experimental Philosophy and Philosophical Method. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Dietrich & Hardcastle, 2005). Dietrich, E. & Hardcastle, V.G. Sisyphus’ Boulder: Consciousness and the Limits of the Knowable. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
(Dietrich, 2023). Dietrich, E. “Why Philosophy Makes No Progress.” Global Philosophy, 33: #27. Available online at URL = <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10516-023-09677-z >.
(Double, 1996). Double, R. Metaphilosophy and Free Will. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Dummett, 1993). Dummett, M. The Seas of Language. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Dybvig, 1987). Dybvig, M. “On the Philosophy of Psi.” Inquiry 30: 253-275.
(Earlenbaugh & Molyneux, 2009). Earlenbaugh, J. & Molyneux, B. “If Intuitions Must be Evidential then Philosophy is in Big Trouble.” Studia Philosophica Estonica 2: 35-53.
(Edelman, 1978). Edelman, G. “Group Selection and Phasic Reentrant Signalling: A Theory of Higher Brain Function.” In G.M. Edelman and V.B. Mountecaste The Mindful Brain. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Pp. 51-100.
(Edidin, 1991). Edidin, A. “The Tragic View of Philosophy.” Metaphilosophy 22: 50-62.
(Edwards et al., 1995). Edwards, D. et.al. “Death and Furniture: The Rhetoric and Politics and Theology of Bottom Line Arguments Against Relativism.” History of the Human Sciences 8: 25-49.
(Elder, 2000). Elder, C.L. “Familiar Objects and the Sorites of Decomposition.” American Philosophical Quarterly 37: 79-89.
(Elga, 2007). Elga, A. “Reflection and Disagreement.” Nous 41: 478-502.
(Ellis, 2001). Ellis, F. “Metaphilosophy and Relativism.” Metaphilosophy 32: 359-377.
(Esfeld, 1999). Esfeld, M. “Physicalism and Ontological Holism.” Metaphilosophy 30: 319-337.
(Esfeld, 1999). Esfeld, M. “Quantum Holism and the Philosophy of Mind.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 6: 23-38.
(Everitt, 1981). Everitt, N. “A Problem for the Eliminative Materialist.” Mind 90: 428-434.
(Fairlamb, 1997). Fairlamb, H.L. “Postmodern Critique: Between Relativism and Reduction.” Philosophy and Literature 21: 405-413.
(Fedyk, 2009). Fedyk, M. “Philosophical Intuitions.” Studia Philosophica Estonica 2: 54-80.
(Feltz & Cokely, 2013). Feltz, A. & Cokely, E. “Predicting Philosophical Disagreement.” Philosophy Compass 8, 10: 978-989.
(Feltz, 2008). Feltz, A. “Problems with the Appeal to Intuition in Epistemology.” Philosophical Explorations 11: 131-141.
(Feuillet, 2007). Feuillet, L. “Brain of a White-Collar Worker.” The Lancet 370: 262.
(Fine, 1991). Fine, A. “Piecemeal Realism.” Philosophical Studies 61: 79-96.
(Fine, 1996). Fine, A. “Science Made Up: Constructivist Sociology of Scientific Knowledge.” In P. Galison and D. Stump (eds.), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts and Power. Stanford CA: Stanford Univ. Press. Pp. 231-254.
(Floridi, 1996). Floridi, L. Skepticism and the Foundations of Epistemology. New York: E.J. Brill.
(Fodor, 1981). Fodor, J. RePresentations. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Fogelin, 1985). Fogelin, R.J. “The Logic of Deep Disagreements.” Informal Logic 7, 1: 1-8.
(Fogelin, 1994). Fogelin, R. Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Fogelin, 1999). Fogelin, R. “The Sceptic’s Burden.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 7: 159-172.
(Fogelin, 2003). Fogelin, R. Walking the Tightrope of Reason: The Precarious Life of a Rational Animal. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Forsdyke, 2015). Forsdyke, D. R. “Wittgenstein’s Certainty is Uncertain: Brain Scans of Cured Hydrocephalics Challenge Cherished Assumptions.” Biological Theory 10: 336-342.
(Foster, 1991). Foster, J. The Immaterial Self: A Defence of the Cartesian Dualist Conception of Mind. London: Routledge.
(Foster, 2004). Foster, J. The Divine Lawmaker: Lectures on Induction, Laws of Nature, and the Existence of God. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Fox, 1994). Fox, J.F. “How Must Relativism be Construed to be Coherent?” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24: 55-75.
(Frodeman, 1992). Frodeman, R. “Radical Environmentalism and the Political Roots of Postmodernism: Differences that Make a Difference.” Environmental Ethics 14: 307-319.
(Gallois, 1993). Gallois, A. “Is Global Scepticism Self-Refuting?” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 71: 36-46.
(Gasche, 1988). Gasche, R. “Postmodernism and Rationality.” Journal of Philosophy 85: 528-538.
(Gemes, 2009). Gemes, K. “A Refutation of Global Scepticism.” Analysis 69: 218-219.
(Gemes, 2010). Gemes, K. “A Vindication of a Refutation of Global Scepticism, A Refutation of Global Perceptual Scepticism and a Refutation of Global Existential Scepticism.” Analysis 70: 63-70.
(Glock, 2002). Glock, H-J. “Does Ontology Exist?” Philosophy 77: 235-260.
(Gordon, 1986). Gordon, K. “Folk Psychology as Simulation.” Mind and Language 1: 158-171.
(Graham & Horgan, 1988). Graham, G. & Horgan, T. “How to be Realistic about Folk Psychology.” Philosophical Psychology 1: 69-81.
(Greenman, 1987). Greenman, M.A. “Intuition and the Limits of Philosophical Insight.” Metaphilosophy 18: 125-135.
(Grupp, 2006). Grupp, J. “Mereological Nihilism: Quantum Atomism and the Impossibility of Material Constitution.” Axiomathes 16: 245-386.
(Gutting, 1982). Gutting, G. “Can Philosophical Beliefs Be Rationally Justified?” American Philosophical Quarterly 19: 315-330.
(Hacking, 1999). Hacking, I. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
(Hales, 1997). Hales, S.D. “A Consistent Relativism.” Mind 106: 33-52.
(Hales, 2000). Hales, S.D. “The Problem of Intuition.” American Philosophical Quarterly 37: 135-147.
(Hales, 2004). Hales, S.D. “Intuition, Revelation, and Relativism.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 12: 271-295.
(Hales, 2006). Hales, S.D. Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Haller, 1974). Haller, R. “Concerning the So-Called ‘Münchhausen’ Trilemma.” Ratio 16: 125-140.
(Hanna, 2020). Hanna, R. “On Rutger Bregman’s Humankind: Optimism For Realists, Or, Neither Hobbes Nor Rousseau.” Unpublished MS. Available online HERE.
(Hanna, 2021). Hanna, R., The Fate of Analysis: Analytic Philosophy From Frege to The Ash-Heap of History. New York: Mad Duck Coalition. Available in hardcover, softcover, and Epub at URL = <https://themadduckcoalition.org/product/the-fate-of-analysis/>.
(Hanna, 2022). Hanna, R. “Six Studies in The Decline and Fall of Professional Academic Philosophy, And a Real and Relevant Alternative.” Borderless Philosophy 5: 48-130. Available online at URL = <https://www.cckp.space/single-post/bp-5-2022-robert-hanna-six-studies-in-the-decline-and-fall-of-professional-philosophy-48-130>.
(Hanna, 2023). Hanna, R. “Is Consciousness a Fifth Fundamental Force?” Unpublished MS. Available online at URL = <https://www.academia.edu/109308038/Is_Consciousness_a_Fifth_Fundamental_Force_November_2023_version_ >.
(Hasker, 1973). Hasker, W. “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism.” Southern Journal of Philosophy 11: 175-183.
(Hasker, 2001). Hasker, W. The Emergent Self. Ithaca NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
(Hauptli, 1991). Hauptli, B.W. “A Dilemma for Bartley’s Pancritical Rationalism.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 21: 86-89.
(Heil, 2005). Heil, J. “Real Tables.” The Monist 88: 493-509.
(Helrich, 2006). Helrich, C.S. “On the Limitations and Promise of Quantum Theory for the Comprehension of Human Knowledge and Consciousness.” Zygon 41: 543-566.
(Hempel, 1980). Hempel, C. “Comments on Goodman’s Ways of Worldmaking.” Synthese 45: 193-200.
(Hiley, 1987). Hiley, D.R. “The Deep Challenges of Pyrrhonian Scepticism.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 25: 185-213.
(Hohwy & Frith, 2004). Hohwy, J. and Frith, C. “Can Neuroscience Explain Consciousness?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 11: 180-198.
(Hodgson, 1994). Hodgson, D. “Neuroscience and Folk Psychology: An Overview.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 1: 205-216.
(Holman, 1979). Holman, E. L. “Is the Physical World Colourless?” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 57: 295-304.
(Huby & Neal, 1989). Huby, P. and Neal, G. (eds.) The Criterion of Truth. Liverpool UK: Liverpool Univ. Press.
(Hugly & Sayward, 1987). Hugly, P. & Sayward, C. “Relativism and Ontology.” Philosophical Quarterly 37: 278-290.
(Hume, 1960). Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Hutto, 2000). Hutto, D. Beyond Physicalism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
(Jackman, 2005). Jackman, H. “Intuitions and Semantic Theory.” Metaphilosophy 36: 363-380.
(Jackman, 2008). Jackman, H. “Comments on Hales: Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 16: 255-262.
(Jackson, 1998). Jackson, F. From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Defence of Conceptual Analysis. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Johnson, 1975). Johnson, O.A. “Scepticism and the Standards of Rationality.” Philosophical Quarterly 25: 336-339.
(Johnstone Jr, 1959). Johnstone Jr., H.W. Philosophy and Argument. University Park PA: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press.
(Jordon, 1969). Jordon, J.N. “Determinism’s Dilemma.” Review of Metaphysics 23: 48-66.
(Katz, 1989). Katz, J. “Rational Common Ground in the Sociology of Knowledge.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 19: 257-271.
(Kaufman, 2002). Kaufman, D.A. “Reality in Common Sense: Reflections on Realism and Anti-Realism from a ‘Common Sense Naturalist’ Perspective.” Philosophical Investigations 25: 331-361.
(Kekes, 1975). Kekes, J. “The Case for Scepticism.” Philosophical Quarterly 25: 28-39.
(Kekes, 1976). Kekes, J. A Justification of Rationality. Albany NY: State Univ. of New York Press.
(Kekes, 1980). Kekes, J. The Nature of Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
(Kim, 1993). Kim, J. Supervenience and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(Kim, 1999). Kim, J. Mind in a Physical World. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Kirk, 1991). Kirk, R. “Why Shouldn’t We be Able to Solve the Mind-Body Problem?” Analysis 51: 17-23.
(Kitcher, 1993). Kitcher, P. The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusions. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Klein, 2006). Klein, S. A. “Order from Virtual States: A Dialogue on the Relevance of Quantum Theory to Religion.” Zygon 41: 567-572.
(Koons, 2000). Koons, R. “Incompatibility of Naturalism and Scientific Realism.” In W.L. Craig and J.P. Moreland (eds.), Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. London: Routledge. Pp. 49-63.
(Korman, 2007). Korman, D.Z. “Eliminativism and the Challenge of Folk Belief.” Nous 42: 242-264.
(Kukla, 2000). Kukla, A. Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science. London: Routledge.
(Kuna, 2005). Kuna, M. “MacIntyre on Tradition, Rationality, and Relativism.” Res Publica 11: 251-273.
(Kurzman, 1994). Kurzman, C. “Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24: 267-290.
(Landesman, 2002). Landesman, C. Skepticism: The Central Issues. Malden MA: Blackwell.
(Langsam, 2001). Langsam, H. “Strategy for Dualists.” Metaphilosophy 32: 395-418.
(Langton, 1998). Langton, R. Kantian Humility: Our Ignorance of Things in Themselves. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Laszlo, 2006). Laszlo, E. “Quantum Consciousness: In Search of a New Paradigm.” Zygon 41: 533-541.
(Laurence & Margolis, 2003). Laurence, S. and Margolis, E. “Concepts and Conceptual Analysis.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 67: 253-282.
(Levin, 2004). Levin, J. “The Evidential Status of Philosophical Intuition.” Philosophical Studies 121: 193-224.
(Lewens, 2005). Lewens, T. “Realism and the Strong Program.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 56: 559-577.
(Lewin, 1980). Lewin, R. “Is Your Brain Really Necessary?” Science 210: 1232-1234.
(Lockie, 2003). Lockie, R. “Relativism and Reflexivity.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 11: 319-339.
(Loncar, 2016). Loncar, S. “Why Listen to Philosophers? A Constructive Critique of Disciplinary Philosophy.” Metaphilosophy 47: 3-25.
(Lowe, 2005). Lowe, E.J. “How Are Ordinary Objects Possible?” The Monist 88: 510-533.
(Lycan, 1996). Lycan, W. “Bealer on the Possibility of Possibility of Philosophical Knowledge.” Philosophical Studies 81: 143-150.
(Lynch, 2009). Lynch, M. Truth as One and Many. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Lyotard, 1984). Lyotard, J.-F. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester UK: Manchester Univ. Press.
(Lyotard, 1992). Lyotard, J.-F. The Postmodern Explained to Children: Correspondence 1982-1985. Sydney: Power Publications.
(MacFarlane, 2005). MacFarlane, J. “Making Sense of Relative Truth.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 105: 321-339.
(MacFarlane, 2007). MacFarlane, J. “Relativism and Disagreement.” Philosophical Studies 132: 17-31.
(MacFarlane, 2007). MacFarlane, J. “Semantic Minimalism and Nonindexical Contextualism.” In G. Preyer and G. Peter (eds.), Context-Sensitivity and Semantic Minimalism: New Essays on Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Pp. 240-250.
(MacFarlane, 2008). MacFarlane, J. “Truth in the Garden of Forking Paths.” In M. Kölbel and M. Garciá-Carpintero (eds.), Relative Truth. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Pp. 81-102.
(MacFarlane, 2009). MacFarlane, J. “Nonindexical Contextualism.” Synthese 166: 231-250.
(Machuca, 2013). Machuca, D.E. (ed.) Disagreement and Skepticism. London: Routledge.
(MacNamara, 1991). MacNamara, J. “Understanding Induction.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 42: 21-48.
(Madell, 1986). Madell, G. “Neurophilosophy: A Principled Sceptic’s Response.” Inquiry 29: 153-168.
(Madell, 1988). Madell, G. Mind and Materialism. Edinburgh: Univ. of Edinburgh Press.
(Malcolm, 1968). Malcolm, N. “The Conceivability of Mechanism.” Philosophical Review 77: 45-72.
(Marcus, 1985). Marcus, R.B. “Is There Irrationality in the Existence of a Plurality of Philosophical Theories?” Dialectica 39: 321-328.
(Martin, 1989). Martin, J.R. “Ideological Critiques and Philosophy of Science.” Philosophy of Science 56: 1-22.
(Mates, 1981). Mates, B. Skeptical Essays. Chicago IL: Univ. of Chicago Press.
(McArthur, 2006). McArthur, D. “The Anti-Philosophical Stance, the Realism Question and Scientific Practice.” Foundations of Science 11: 369-397.
(McCain, 2014). McCain, K. “Pick Your Poison: Beg the Question or Embrace Circularity.” International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 4 (2): 125-149.
(McCarthy, 1990). McCarthy, M.H. The Crisis of Philosophy. Albany NY: State Univ. of New York Press.
(McGinn, 1989). McGinn, C. “Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?” Mind 98: 349-366.
(McGinn, 1993). McGinn, C. Problems in Philosophy: The Limits of Inquiry. Oxford: Blackwell.
(Melnyk, 1997). Melnyk, A. “How to Keep the ‘Physical’ in Physicalism.” Journal of Philosophy 94: 622-637.
(Mercier, 1906). Mercier, D. Criteriologie Generale ou Theorie Generale de la Certitude. Paris: Louvain.
(Michael, 1995). Michael, M. “The Dialectics of Scepticism: Comments on Gallois.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 73: 123-128.
(Miller, 2000). Miller, R.B. “Without Intuitions.” Metaphilosophy 31: 231-250.
(Miller, 2006). Miller, D. Out of Error: Further Essays on Critical Rationalism, Aldershot UK: Ashgate.
(Montero, 1999). Montero, B. “The Body Problem.” Nous 33: 183-200.
(Montero, 2001). Montero, B. “Post-Physicalism.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 61-80.
(Morrow, 1985). Morrow, R.A. “The Sociology of Knowledge Dispute Revisited: Implications of a Failed Theoretical Debate.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 15: 507-511.
(Musgrave, 2014). Musgrave, S. Intuitions in Metaphysics: A Methodological Critique. MA Thesis. Arizona State University.
(Nagel, 1994). Nagel, T. “Consciousness and Objective Reality.” In R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.) The Mind-Body Problem. Oxford: Blackwell. Pp. 63-68.
(Nelson, 1965). Nelson, L. “The Impossibility of the ‘Theory of Knowledge.’” In Socratic Method and Critical Philosophy, Selected Essays. New York: Dover. Pp. 185-205.
(Nelson, 1982). Nelson, J.O. “Does Physics Lead to Berkeley?” Philosophy 57: 91-103.
(Nelson, 1994). Nelson, A. “How Could Facts be Socially Constructed?” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25: 535-547.
(Newton-Smith, 1981). Newton-Smith, W.H. The Rationality of Science. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
(Nichols et al., 2003). Nichols, S. et al. “Metaskepticism: Meditations in Ethno-Epistemology.” In S. Luper (ed.), The Skeptics. Aldershot UK: Ashgate. Pp. 227-248.
(Nielsen, 1987). Nielsen, K. “Can There Be Progress in Philosophy?” Metaphilosophy 18: 1-30.
(Nisbett, 2001). Nisbett, R. et.al. “Cultural and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytic Cognition.” Psychological Review 108: 291-310.
(Noë & Thompson, 2004). Noë, A. & Thompson, E. “Are There Neural Correlates of Consciousness?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 11: 3-28.
(Noren, 1975). Noren, S. J. “Cornman on the Colour of Micro-Entities.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 53: 65-67.
(Norris, 1997a). Norris, C. Against Relativism: Philosophy of Science, Deconstruction and Critical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
(Norris, 1997b). Norris, C. “Ontological Relativity and Meaning-Variance: A Critical-Constructive View.” Inquiry 40: 139-173.
(Norton, 2005). Norton, J. “A Little Survey of Induction.” In P. Achinstein (ed.), Scientific Evidence: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives. Baltimore MD: John Hopkins Univ. Press. Pp. 9-34.
(Okasha, 2000). Okasha, S. “The Underdetermination of Theory by Data and the ‘Strong Programme of the Sociology of Knowledge.’” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 14: 283-297.
(Olson, 1995). Olson, E.T. “Why I Have No Hands.” Theoria 61: 182-197.
(Papineau, 2007). Papineau, D. “Philosophy of Science.” In N. Bunnin and E.P. Tsui-James (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 2nd edn., Oxford: Blackwell. Pp. 286-316.
(Pargetter & Bigelow, 1997). Pargetter R. & Bigelow, J. “The Validation of Induction.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 75: 62-76.
(Passmore, 1961). Passmore, J. Philosophical Reasoning. London: Gerald Duckworth.
(Passmore, 1996). Passmore, J. “The End of Philosophy?” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74: 1-19.
(Penrose, 1994). Penrose, R. Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Penrose, 2016). Penrose, R. Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe. Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
(Pettit, 1993). Pettit, P. “A Definition of Physicalism” Analysis 53: 213-223.
(Philosophy Talk, 2016). Wilson, T. “The Limits of Self-Knowledge.” Philosophy Talk. 26 June. Available online at URL = <https://www.philosophytalk.org/shows/limits-self-knowledge>.
(Pickering, 1997). Pickering, A. “Sociology of Knowledge and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge.” Social Epistemology 11: 187-192.
(Plant, 2012). Plant, B. “Philosophical Diversity and Disagreement.” Metaphilosophy 43: 567-591.
(Plato, 1985). Plato, Theaetetus. Trans. F.M. Cornford. In E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (eds.), Plato: The Collected Dialogues. Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
(Poland, 1994). Poland, J. Physicalism: The Philosophical Foundations. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Post, 1987). Post, J.F. The Faces of Existence: An Essay in Nonreductive Metaphysics. Ithaca NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
(Priest, 2002). Priest, G. Beyond the Limits of Thought. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Pritchard, 2009). Pritchard, D. “Defusing Epistemic Relativism.” Synthese 166: 397-412.
(Pust, 2001). Pust, J. “Against Explanationist Skepticism Regarding Philosophical Intuitions.” Philosophical Studies 106: 227-258.
(Pust, 2004). Pust, J. “On Explaining Knowledge of Necessity.” Dialectica 58: 71-87.
(Putnam, 1992). Putnam, H. Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
(Pylkkänen, 1995). Pylkkänen, P. “Mental Causation and Quantum Ontology.” Acta Philosophica Fennica 58: 335-348.
(Quine, 1969). Quine, W.V.O. “Epistemology Naturalized.” In W.V.O. Quine, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Pp. 69-90.
(Quine, 1981). Quine, W.V.O. Theories and Things. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
(Radin, 1997). Radin, D.I. The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena. San Francisco CA: Harper Edge.
(Rea, 2002). Rea, M.C. World Without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Reppert, 1991). Reppert, V. “Ramsey on Eliminativism and Self-Refutation.” Inquiry 34: 499-508.
(Rescher, 1980). Rescher, N. Scepticism, Oxford: Blackwell.
(Rescher, 1985). Rescher, N. The Strife of Systems: An Essay on the Grounds and Implications of Philosophical Diversity. Pittsburgh PA: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
(Rescher, 2001). Rescher, N. “The Rise and Fall of Analytic Philosophy.” In C. Bo (ed.), Analytic Philosophy: Review and Reflection. Beijing: New Horizon Publishing House. Pp. 114-124.
(Rescher, 2001). Rescher, N. Philosophical Reasoning: A Study in the Methodology of Philosophizing. Malden MA: Blackwell.
(Ricoeur, 1985). Ricoeur, P. “Irrationality and the Plurality of Philosophical Systems.” Dialectica 39: 297-319.
(Robinson, 1993). Robinson, H. (ed.) Objections to Physicalism. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press.
(Rodman, 1980). Rodman, J. “Paradigm Change in Political Science.” American Behavioral Scientist 24: 49-78.
(Rorty, 1979). Rorty, R., Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
(Rorty, 1982). Rorty, R. Consequences of Pragmatism. Minneapolis MN: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
(Rosen, 1974). Rosen, S. W. F. Hegel: An Introduction to the Science of Wisdom. New Haven CT: Yale Univ. Press.
(Rosenkrantz, 1992). Rosenkrantz, R.D. “The Justification of Induction.” Philosophy of Science 59: 527-539.
(Rotondo, 2015). Rotondo, A. “Disagreement and Intellectual Scepticism.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 93: 251-271.
(Routley, 2010). Routley, R. “Necessary Limits to Knowledge: Unknowable Truths.” Synthese 173: 107-122.
(Russell, 1972). Russell, B. Our Knowledge of the External World. London: George Allen and Unwin.
(Russell, 1992). Russell, B. An Outline of Philosophy London: Routledge.
(Sandin, 2006). Sandin, P. “Has Psychology Debunked Conceptual Analysis?” Metaphilosophy 37: 26-33.
(Sankey, 2010). Sankey, H. “Witchcraft, Relativism and the Problem of the Criterion.” Erkenntnis 72: 1-16.
(Sankey, 2011). Sankey, H. “Epistemic Relativism and the Problem of the Criterion.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 42: 562-579.
(Sankey, 2012). Sankey, H. “Scepticism, Relativism and the Argument from the Criterion.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 43: 182-190.
(Schäfer, 2006). Schäfer, L. “Quantum Reality and the Consciousness of the Universe: Quantum Reality, the Emergence of Complex Order from Virtual States, and the Importance of Consciousness in the Universe.” Zygon 41: 505-532.
(Schlagel, 2003). Schlagel, R. H. “The Waning of the Light: The Eclipse of Philosophy.” Review of Metaphysics 57: 105-133.
(Schlesinger, 1988). Schlesinger, G.N. “Is It True What Cicero Said about Philosophers?” Metaphilosophy 19: 282-293.
(Schwab, 2013). Schwab, W. “Skepticism, Belief, and the Criterion of Truth.” Apeiron 46: 327-344.
(Sellars, 1963). Sellars, W. Science, Perception, and Reality. London: Routledge.
(Sextus Empiricus, 1976). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Trans. R.G. Bury. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
(Shackel, 2005). Shackel, N. “The Vacuity of Postmodern Methodology.” Metaphilosophy 36: 295-320.
(Shogenji, 1997). Shogenji, T. “The Consistency of Global Relativism.” Mind 106: 745-747.
(Siegel, 1987). Siegel, H. Relativism Refuted: A Critique of Contemporary Epistemological Relativism. Dordrecht NL: D. Reidel.
(Slezak, 1989). Slezak, P. “Scientific Discovery by Computer as Empirical Refutation of the Strong Programme.” Social Studies of Science 19: 563-600.
(Slezak, 1991). Slezak, P. “Bloor’s Bluff: Behaviourism and the Strong Programme.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5: 241-256.
(Slezak, 1994). Slezak, P. “A Second Look at David Bloor’s Knowledge and Social Imagery.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24: 336-361.
(Smart, 1963). Smart, J.J.C. Philosophy and Scientific Realism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
(Smart, 1993). Smart, J.J.C. “Why Philosophers Disagree.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 19 (Supplementary vol.): 67-82.
(Smith & Positano, 2010). Smith, J. W. & Positano, S. The Self-Destructive Affluence of the First World: The Coming Crisis of Global Poverty and Ecological Collapse. Lewiston NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
(Smith, 1983). Smith, J.W. “The Contentlessness of Physicalism.” Darshana International 23: 1-9.
(Smith, 1984). Smith, J.W. Reductionism and Cultural Being. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
(Smith, 1985). Smith, J.W. “Against Orientational Pluralism in Metaphilosophy.” Metaphilosophy 16: 214-220.
(Smith, 1986). Smith, J.W. Reason, Science and Paradox: Against Received Opinion in Science and Philosophy. London: Croom Helm.
(Smith, 1988). Smith, J.W. The Progress and Rationality of Philosophy as a Cognitive Enterprise: An Essay on Metaphilosophy. Aldershot UK: Avebury.
(Smythies & Beloff, eds, 1989). Smythies, J. & Beloff, J. (eds.) The Case for Dualism. Charlottesville VA: Univ. of Virginia Press.
(Smythies & Ramachandran, 1997). Smythies, J. and Ramachandran, V.S. “An Empirical Refutation of the Direct Realist Theory of Perception.” Inquiry 40: 437-438.
(Sorell, 1991). Sorell, T. Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science. London: Routledge.
(Sorensen, 1991). Sorensen, R. A. “Debunkers and Assurers.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 69: 469-491.
(Sosa, 1996). Sosa, E. “Rational Intuition: Bealer on its Nature and Epistemic Status.” Philosophical Studies 81: 151-162.
(Sosa, 2007). Sosa, E. “Experimental Philosophy and Philosophical Intuitions.” Philosophical Studies 132: 99-107.
(Stapp, 2001). Stapp, H. “Quantum Theory and the Role of Mind in Nature.” Foundations of Physics 31: 1465-1499.
(Stapp, 2004). Stapp, H. Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics. Berlin: Springer.
(Stapp, 2005). Stapp, H. “Quantum Interactive Dualism: An Alternative to Materialism.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 12: 43-58.
(Stapp, 2006a). Stapp, H. “H. Stapp on Quantum Mechanics, Spirit, Mind, and Morality.” Zygon 41: 599-615.
(Stapp, 2006b). Stapp, H. “Science’s Conception of Human as a Basis for Moral Theory.” Zygon 41: 617-621.
(Stich & Weinberg, 2001). Stich S. & Weinberg, J. “Jackson’s Empirical Assumptions.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 62: 637-643.
(Stich, 1983). Stich, S. From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Stone, 2005). Stone, J. “Why There are Still No People.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 70: 174-192.
(Storm & Goretzki, 2021). Storm, L. & Goretzki, M. “The Psychology and Parapsychology of Spiritual Emergency.” Journal of Scientific Exploration 35, 1: 36-64.
(Stove, 1986). Stove, D. The Rationality of Induction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Stove, 1991). Stove, D. The Plato Cult and Other Philosophical Follies. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
(Strawson, 2006). Strawson, G. “Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 13: 3-31.
(Suber, 1993). Suber, P. “Is Philosophy Dead?” The Earlhamite. 112, 2: 12-14.
(Symons, 2008). Symons, J. “Intuition and Philosophical Methodology.” Axiomathes 18: 67-89.
(Synder, 1972). Synder, A.A. “The Paradox of Determinism.” American Philosophical Quarterly 9: 353-356.
(Talvinen, 2009). Talvinen, K. The Inevitability of Skepticism: A Study of the Problem of the Criterion. Turku FN: Reports from the Department of Philosophy, Univ. of Turku.
(Tännsjö, 1987). Tännsjö, T. “Moral Doubts about Strict Materialism.” Inquiry 30: 451-458.
(Tibbetts, 1986). Tibbetts, P. “The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: The Constructivist Thesis and Relativism.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 16: 39-57.
(Triplett, 1999). Triplett, T. “Rescher’s Metaphilosophy.” Metaphilosophy 30: 209-230.
(Tye, 1996). Tye, M. Ten Problems of Consciousness: A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Ujvari, 1993). Ujvari, M. “Analytic Philosophy Challenged: Skepticism and Arguing Transcendentally.” Erkenntnis 39: 285-304.
(Unger, 2014). Unger, P. Empty Ideas: A Critique of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
(Urbaniec, 1988). Urbaniec, J. “In Search of a Philosophical Experiment.” Metaphilosophy 19: 294-306.
(Vaidya, 2010). Vaidya, A.J. “Philosophical Methodology: The Current Debate.” Philosophical Psychology 23: 391-417.
(Van Gulick, 2001). Van Gulick, R. “Reduction, Emergence and Other Recent Options on the Mind/Body Problem: A Philosophical Overview.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8. 21-34.
(van Inwagen, 1981). van Inwagen, P. “The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 62: 123-137.
(Vetter, 1969). Vetter, H. “Logical Probability, Mathematical Statistics, and the Problem of Induction.” Synthese 20: 56-71.
(Wang, 1986). Wang, H. Beyond Analytic Philosophy: Doing Justice to What We Know. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
(Weatherson, 2003). Weatherson, B. “What Good are Counterexamples?” Philosophical Studies 115: 1-31.
(Weinberg, 2001). Weinberg, J. et.al. “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions”, Philosophical Topics 29: 429-460.
(Weinberg, 2001). Weinberg, J. “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions.” Philosophical Topics 29, 1-2: 429-460.
(White, 1989). White, F.C. “Self-Refuting Propositions and Relativism.” Metaphilosophy 20: 84-92.
(Williamson, 2004). Williamson, T. “Philosophical ‘Intuitions’ and Scepticism about Judgement.” Dialectica 58: 109-153.
(Williamson, 2009). Williamson, T. The Philosophy of Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell.
(Wittgenstein, 1969). Wittgenstein, L. On Certainty. Trans. D. Paul and G.E.M. Anscombe. New York: Harper and Row.
(Woods, 2003). Woods, J. Paradox and Paraconsistency: Conflict Resolution in the Abstract Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
(Wray, 2008). Wray, K.B. “The Argument from Underconsideration as Grounds for Anti-Realism: A Defence.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 22: 317-326.
(Wright, 2008). Wright, C. “Fear of Relativism?” Philosophical Studies 141: 379-390.
(Young, 1984). Young, J. “Pragmatism and the Fate of Philosophy.” Dialogue 23: 683-686.
(Zimmerman, 2007). Zimmerman, A.Z. “Against Relativism.” Philosophical Studies 133: 313-348.
Against Professional Philosophy is a sub-project of the online mega-project Philosophy Without Borders, which is home-based on Patreon here.
Please consider becoming a patron!
